Vaccination and health care. The picture shows the medical staff in Qiaodong District, Xingtai City, Hebei Province explaining vaccine knowledge to kindergarten children. Photo by Zhang Chi (Xinhua News Agency)

　　The 2019 academic exchange meeting on seasonal influenza prevention and control strategy was held in Beijing recently. Experts attending the meeting stressed that annual influenza vaccination is the most effective means to prevent influenza, which can significantly reduce the risk of influenza and serious complications.

　　"the State Council’s Opinions on Implementing Healthy China Action reaffirms the importance of chronic disease management and influenza vaccine prevention and control, and gives priority to advocating high-risk groups to get influenza vaccine before the influenza epidemic season. We call on the whole people to be vaccinated every year to form a group immune barrier to reduce the incidence of influenza in the whole society. " Yang Wei Zhong, vice president of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, said.

　　As an acute respiratory infection, influenza is not an ordinary cold. Influenza virus directly attacks the respiratory system of human body, which can cause many serious complications such as viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation and so on, and comes as scheduled with a brand-new look every year, causing seasonal epidemic.

　　Influenza and its complications have always been seriously underestimated by the whole society. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide, seasonal influenza epidemic can lead to 650,000 deaths every year. In recent years, the incidence and mortality of influenza in China have generally shown a sharp upward trend.

　　Feng Luzhao, a researcher at China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, pointed out that infants, school students, chronic patients and the elderly are all high-risk groups of influenza. Vaccine is the most economical and effective intervention measure for influenza prevention and control, and vaccination for high-risk groups is recommended first.

　　However, the importance of influenza vaccine has not been fully recognized by the whole society. At present, the total coverage rate of influenza vaccine in China is less than 2%. Feng Luzhao believes that the support at the national level is of great significance to improving the vaccination rate, and it is necessary to vigorously carry out health education; We should encourage more investment in public vaccines and further build a more convenient and accessible vaccination service system.

　　At present, the influenza vaccines approved for marketing in China are trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and tetravalent inactivated influenza vaccine respectively. People who can be vaccinated with different types of vaccine products from different manufacturers can voluntarily be vaccinated with any influenza vaccine. (Reporter Chen Wei)

Special feature of 1905 film network　Does it look nice?The tail of November, the most puzzling problem for the author is the above five words.Simply from the perspective of "watching", the film "Eliminating Violence", which makes many people exclaim that it has the flavor of old Hong Kong films, is undoubtedly good enough.

Spectacular and exciting gun battles, fine restoration of the urban features in the 1990s, and the bathroom melee and execution court drama that everyone talked about, have failed to meet the public’s expectations for this theme and the typology of the star lineup under the verification of the box office results of easily breaking through 200 million in the "off-season" of winter and moon.

However, such a criminal investigation theme work that revisits the past of "cracking down on evil" in the new era, the biggest topic aroused after the screening is only related to the towel that the two protagonists can’t fall off when they fight.

Ironically, similar to the "regret" implied in the topic of "Daniel Wu didn’t even drop his bath towel in a fight" which rushed to the top of the hot search list, Eliminating Violence, which gave a full-screen visual crit, did not give any narrative surprise.

Visual pleasure is just a fig leaf of the narrative of "two heroes"

For the fans of old Hong Kong films, the closest thing to "Eliminating Violence" is the nesting of "Double Heroes" mode in China and Hong Kong police films in the golden age.

In the film, Zhong Cheng (Wang Qianyuan), the newly arrived captain of Interpol, and Zhang Ying (Daniel Wu), who is based on Junwei Zhang, the "first gangster in China", are portrayed as the poles of good and evil with equal fighting power and ingenuity.

In order to show their abilities, the film set up multiple contrast shots, just like the montage of shooting practice, or the "same frame" of the video hall where they learned their unique skills from the police and bandits films.Interestingly, the clips that the two watched repeatedly were from the classic Hong Kong-style duo films..

Unfortunately, beyond force and bad taste, Eliminating Violence, which is too obsessed with external stimuli, neither rubs the chivalrous feeling given by John Woo to Bloody Heroes, nor provides the "wits-fighting" attribute of classic paradigms.

Director Ho Leung Lau once said in an interview that the original idea of the film was simply to focus on this policeman and gangster. Later, at the suggestion of producer Han Sanping, the current police and gangster group images were constructed by combining real reports.

Even if we have done enough time restoration in the aspect of service, the writing from policewoman to gangster is too facetious, and the film has failed to escape from the format framework that contemporary audiences have long been familiar with and bored with.

The young criminal police still have the strength to pull open the gangster’s car door after being shot in the heart at close range, just like the drama of Zhang Falcon, the bandit leader who has fled far away, turning back and killing his accomplices immediately after learning that they can’t escape the scene, they are just self-revelry with a lack of imagination.

The moments that best reflect the intelligence of both sides are the process of Zhong Cheng and his colleagues unlocking Zhang Ying’s message code, discovering his hiding place, and the criminal process of Zhang Ying’s ingenious use of knots to break the bank safe.

However, compared with the real hard work of the police and the criminal ingenuity of Zhang Jun, the prototype of the bandit, who repeatedly escaped from the police, these comic-book treatments are too light.

The gap between "towel" and "towel" reflects the dislocation of the director’s understanding of relatively unfamiliar subjects; As long as the protagonist is not embarrassed, the embarrassment is the audience.

"An Liang" is powerless, and the "lack" of the title is even more regrettable.

In the subtitles before the end of "Eliminating Violence", the title "Eliminating Violence" and the word "An Liang" which is used with it appear as the finishing touch.Can the title of the film be changed fromIn the adjusted "Eliminating Violence", it seems that there are still three words behind the "lost" half: not confident.

When we are shocked by Daniel Wu’s exaggerated and deformed makeup in the film, I’m afraid we will be disappointed if we look at the image data of the prototype gangster Zhang Jun again.

Even if there is a wild and unruly rage between gestures, I am afraid that no one will have the slightest feeling that "this person is not right".

Being able to mobilize gangs including many "brothers" and mistresses to commit crimes for many years is difficult to be arrested. Obviously, this "China’s No.1 gangster" relies not on muscle or intimidation, but on his brain.As a genre film that should give enough vigilance to criminals, "Eliminating Violence" needs to be really clarified, and it is precisely the process of how the police use their ingenuity and bravery to make criminals willingly surrender to the law.

According to the documentary data of that year, Zhang Jun’s attitude towards being captured by the police was "convinced orally". But "Eliminating Violence", which is still consuming physical charm until the climax, obviously has no such consciousness.

Taking visual simplicity and rudeness as the first priority, Eliminating Violence has no time to elaborate the fine Lohan Bureau of both good and evil outside the love drama for action and rhythm adjustment. It just "deifies" Zhong Cheng’s inspiration and Zhang Ying’s anti-reconnaissance deployment mechanically and without any reason, and there is no the most important intelligence-fighting pleasure in the "Double Heroes" drama.

Of course, it may also be out of the creator’s goodwill to not describe the details of the crime in too much detail. For example, the director’s bid for the Olympic Games once said that the process of "defrauding insurance" was simplified to avoid giving birth to imitation cases.

However, the bloody scenes wantonly displayed in "Eliminating Violence" and its difficulty in being copied in the current monitoring network environment obviously cannot be used as an excuse for the thoughtless narrative of the film.

As early as two years after the collapse of Zhang Jun’s criminal group, a drama series called "Heaven does not hide traitors" put Zhang Jun’s case on the screen. However, in addition to the sporadic praise for the action scenes, its over-"upright" casting and over-"magic change" plot (especially the arrest process of the principal offender) have been criticized.

However, nearly 20 years later, the all-round "upgrade" of "Eliminating Violence" has almost moved the "fallacy" that the main criminals in the series fled back to their hometown to find weapons, and it has taken a step further with the "strong man locking men" drama mentioned above.As everyone knows, this strange feeling is "advanced", which is really one of the major themes.

The change of screen

At present, the mainstream film projection form is "reflective imaging". Previously, it was film, which was recorded on coke film. After digital words, the image picture is that the image signal is driven by the corresponding processing circuit to form an optical signal, which is focused by the lens and then presented on the medium. The screen is such a medium.

　

In the early days of the film, white walls and white cloth served as imaging media. The projector is aimed at a white wall/cloth and projects the image onto the white wall, so the rough and original image appears in front of people.

The surface of the white wall is rough, and the white cloth is a little better but still not delicate. Their light reflection is "diffuse reflection", which can be reflected evenly in the range of 180. However, as a cinema, the included angle between the screen plane and the seating area is less than 180 degrees, usually the maximum included angle is only 60-90 degrees, which means that there is no way to use the light beyond the included angle, and the reflected light cannot be greater than the incident light. Therefore, the effective brightness gain of white walls and white cloth as screens cannot reach 1. Moreover, because the optical properties of white wall and white cloth can’t be controlled, but the optical properties greatly affect the image quality, so white wall and white cloth are not ideal film imaging media.

So a professional "screen" came into being.

　

Manufacturers apply coatings on the curtain base, such as barium sulfate or metal powder, as well as reflective screens made of glass beads and transmissive screens made of translucent materials. At present, the widely used metal screen, that is, spraying a layer of metal material on the screen base to enhance the reflection performance and polarization characteristics of light, creates a brand-new image reflection medium compared with the traditional white screen, reasonably improves the technical performance of the screen, such as brightness gain, and greatly improves the imaging quality of the screen.

　

Improvement of technical indicators

　

There are many technical indexes to evaluate the screen, and the common optical performance indexes include brightness, clarity, reflection angle, color, resolution and so on. Different screens present different picture quality, the fundamental reason is that the screen indicators are different. Indicators closely related to screening are as follows:

　

1. Brightness coefficient

That is, the "gain" that everyone knows in the industry is also the most representative indicator of the screen.

　

2. Effective scattering angle 2α

The effective scattering angle 2α of the screen is twice the maximum horizontal viewing angle α at which the screen reflection brightness is based on the brightness value of 5 viewing angle, and the brightness drop is not more than 50%. The measurement of this angle is based on the screen normal, with α on one side of the normal and 2α on both sides. Usually, "scattering angle" is used instead, and the larger the effective scattering angle of the screen is, the better.

　

3. Sound attenuation

The sound attenuation caused by the speaker located behind the screen of a transparent screen is defined as the difference between the sound attenuation of 8KHz and 12.5KHz and the sound attenuation of 500Hz, which is not more than 3dB and 6dB respectively. This item is easy to be ignored, especially the application of microporous screen will be more and more. Whether the diameter, spacing arrangement and perforation rate of sound transmission holes meet the requirements, reduce sound attenuation and ensure clear and realistic sound.

　

3. Color of reflected light

Screen surface requires good color reducibility, that is, the color chromaticity of reflected light and incident light should be consistent. The color temperature difference between the incident light and the reflected light on the screen shall not be greater than 200k K. This indicator is easy to reach the standard on the screen, but what needs attention is the color chromaticity of the incident light.

　

4. Resolution

The current definition, which we express in "pixels". The film age is represented by "line pairs". The screen used for projecting movies should have a projection resolution of more than 80 line pairs/mm. According to the resolution of the current screen, the resolution that can be displayed can exceed 4K or even reach 8K. (It will be explained in detail in the related article "Clarity". )

　

6. Screen material and coating uniformity

The material and coating of the whole screen should be uniform, and the uniformity of brightness distribution should be not less than 80%. This item can best reflect the attitude and process maturity of screen manufacturing, and the surface of unqualified screen products can be distinguished by naked eyes, such as stripes, spots and irregular shadows.

　

(Image source: Ivy Gallery Movie Star Screen)

Of course, including the screen.Technical index of physical performance. The progress of modern screen technology revolves around these two parts.

for exampleBrightness aspectThe higher the brightness gain, the more concentrated the light reflected by the screen will be, which will produce the effect of bright in the middle and dark around. At this time, we call it "brightness uniformity" decline. From the technical principle, the brightness gain and brightness uniformity of the screen are a pair of contradictory terms, which cannot be well taken into account. Therefore, the progress of technology lies in obtaining higher brightness gain on the basis of higher brightness uniformity.

Therefore, many screen manufacturers are trying to improve this performance. For example, the film star screen improves the formula of reflective coating and introduces a 2.8 gain product, which makes the screen have both higher gain and larger effective scattering angle, and obtains better brightness uniformity in practical use and improves the picture quality. For the audience, it is that no matter which area in the cinema, uniform image brightness can be obtained.

Indicators and application scope of "movie star" screen (table)

　

Such as light reflection efficiency. The reflectivity of the screen is the ratio of the light projected by the projector to the intensity of the reflected light on the screen. The reflectivity of 50% means that half of the light is lost. In the past, the reflectivity of ordinary metal curtain was about 50%, but the newly developed screen has obviously improved the reflectivity, reaching more than 85% or even more than 90%. Compared with the traditional screen, the new screen makes the light reflection of the screen more controlled and has no stray reflection by reducing the sound transmission aperture, improving the coating arrangement and adding optical microstructure.

　

Another example is the polarization ratio. The polarization ratio of the screen is also one of the important indicators to eliminate ghost. If the polarization ratio is insufficient, the ghost will be heavier. Generally, the partial direct ratio of ordinary metal screens is required to be above 150:1. Nowadays, high-end screens have a polarization suppression ratio of over 500:1. It is not easy to feel the existence of ghosts.

In terms of physical performance, there are mainly the following indicators:

1. Aperture and perforation rate.

Before the screen, there were large sound holes, mainly to ensure the sound efficiency and frequency of the speaker behind the screen. In the era of digital movies, when the pixel size of 2K-definition movies is in a certain proportional relationship with the size of sound transmission holes, "moire" will occur. If you want to reduce moire, you can only destroy the above proportional relationship. Therefore, reducing the aperture of the screen has become one of the ways. At the same time, in order to improve the reflectivity, it is also necessary to consider changing the perforation rate while reducing the aperture.

For example, the aperture of the ultimate screen is only 150 microns, and the "movie star screen" can be mass-produced in almost unlimited size by continuously improving the processing equipment and technology of seamless splicing 0.6mm At the same time, the perforation rate can still reach 4.5%, which is not blindly reduced, fully ensuring the advantages of sound attenuation, but visually reducing the interference of sound-penetrating holes to a very low level and achieving excellent balance.

2. Screen size and strength.

As the picture of the film changes, the size of the screen also changes.

At the beginning, the aspect ratio of the movie screen was 1:1.33. After the wide-screen movie appeared, the aspect ratio of the screen increased to 1:2.35. The aspect ratio of the covered film is 1:1.85, while the aspect ratio of the IMAX giant screen is 1:1.44. In the digital age, the aspect ratio of the picture has changed slightly, with the ratio of wide screen being 1:2.39 and IMAX giant screen being 1:1.78. At the same time, the screen size is getting bigger and bigger, and the width is expanded from six or seven meters to twenty or thirty meters.

The size of the screen is a great test of the production strength of manufacturers. At present, there are two technical solutions, one is vertical, that is, the factory building has to be higher than the screen height, and the screen is hung vertically for machine spraying; The other is horizontal spraying, and the domestic "movie star screen" has the real production capacity of vertical spraying of super giant screen with a width of 100 meters and a height of 25 meters.

With the increase of screen size, the tension requirement of screen is increased, which puts high demands on the strength of screen, especially the splicing strength and effect. The strength requirement also includes the edge strength of screen hanging. As far as the intensity of screen base is concerned, one of the effective ways to reduce the speckle of tricolor laser is to vibrate the screen, and long-term vibration will undoubtedly put forward requirements for the intensity of screen base.

Nowadays, with the use of nano-new materials made of PET, the physical properties of the screen have been greatly improved. Under the conditions of heat, moisture and tension, the deformation of the screen is very small, and there is almost no relaxation damage after long-term vibration, which is more durable.

3. Splicing technology.

Because the screen is not produced as a whole, it is formed by splicing, so the splicing process of the screen also affects its performance. Good splicing should have a certain strength and be invisible at a certain distance. As a professional screen product provider, Wuhu Movie Star Giant Screen Co., Ltd. improved the screen seam technology through technical reform, so that the seam could not be seen at a distance of 1 meter in front of the screen, far exceeding the national standard.

4. Foldability.

In the past, most screens could not be folded, which meant that they had to be assembled in a drum, which was inconvenient for transportation, storage and hanging. Nowadays, the folding of nano-material screens has been improved, resulting in a number of foldable screens.

　

Important note:

　"Why are the pictures in the cinema more and more colorful?"

"Because the post-production is excellent." -that’s not the point.

"Because the performance of the projector has improved." -this is on the one hand.

"The performance of the imaging terminal screen has been continuously improved. 。” -this is the positive solution.

Therefore, paying attention to screen selection and protecting the screen needs more attention and professionalism.

(Title, text source: Ivey movie gallery, text has nothing to do)